Discovery of new type of immune cells

Scientists of Helmholtz Zentrum München and the Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) of Technische Universität München have discovered a new type of immune cells - the Th22 cells - which can protect the body against inflammation and aid in tissue repair. In the current online issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, Dr. Stefanie Eyerich and Dr. Kilian Eyerich together with their colleagues from Imperial College London and Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata in Rome, present their groundbreaking discovery. It represents a milestone on the way to developing new treatment methods for inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis and allergic reactions and potentially also allergic respiratory diseases such as asthma.




The newly discovered Th22 cells are a previously unknown subset of T helper cells. T helper cells are white blood cells that help activate other immune cells when the body is infected by viruses or bacteria. At the same time they help the body to tolerate own tissue and to prevent or curb inflammation.




The researchers of Helmholtz Zentrum München and the Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) of Technische Universität München, together with their colleagues from London and Rome, discovered the Th22 cells while analyzing skin samples of patients with psoriasis, atopic eczema and allergic contact dermatitis. "During the histological examination we noticed T cells that were primarily characterised by the signaling molecule interleukin-22 (IL-22)," explained Dr. Stefanie Eyerich, the lead author of the study.




Th22 cells aid in tissue repair. At the same time they warn our skin cells of impending environmental dangers and stimulate the skin cells to protect themselves. In addition, they can help to strengthen the barriers of the skin and possibly also of the lung by stimulating cells to produce more collagen.




Dr. Carsten Schmidt-Weber of Imperial College London and coordinator of the study said: "We are seeing an increase in chronic diseases like skin and respiratory diseases. Besides genetic disposition, the causes are higher hygienic standards and modern nutritional habits. Diseases like psoriasis can have a substantial negative impact on a patient's quality of life, and sufferers must often follow long, drawn-out skin care treatment regimens to keep their symptoms at bay."




"We consider the discovery of the Th22 cells to be a milestone in immunology, providing a new starting point for the future treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as eczema, scleroderma, asthma or COPD," explained Professor Heidrun Behrendt, director of ZAUM and the Clinical Cooperation Group of Helmholtz Zentrum München and TU München.




The Munich researchers and their colleagues are elucidating the genesis of Th22 cells and investigating Th22-specific genes, which shall contribute to the development of selective and effective therapies for patients with chronic skin and respiratory diseases. Like other T helper cells, Th22 cells belong to a part of the immune system which can recognise damaging pathogens even after a long time has passed. This means that each treatment targeting these cells would have a potential long-term effect.

Sir C. V. Raman and the story of the Nobel Prize

In 1930, C. V. Raman was the first `non-white’, Asian and Indian to receive the Nobel Prize in physics for his work on scattering of light and discovery of the Raman Effect.

The Nobel prize is one of the prizes known to a great part of the non-scientific public and is considered as the highest honor to be awarded to scientists. Raman received the Nobel Prize in a record time of two years after his prize- winning discovery.

Niels Bohr (1885-1962), who received the Nobel prize in 1922 for investigation on the structure of atoms and the radiation emanating from them, had contacts with Raman. In a letter dated 21 March 1923 he wrote `We often think of your visit here some years ago, and I hope very much that I shall have the pleasure of meeting you again before too long’. In the same letter he wrote, `I take this opportunity to express my most cordial congratulations to you to your great discovery of the new radiation phenomenon which has added so immensely to our knowledge of optics and atomic physics’. Bohr stated, `This phenomenon (Raman effect), the explanation of which agrees so well with the quantum theoretical ideas, will undoubtedly become a most important source in increasing our knowledge of the states of the atoms or molecules of matter in transitions, between which their characteristic spectra are emitted.’ (N. Bohr to the Nobel Committee for physics, Translated from Danish.)

C. T. R. Wilson (1869-1959), who received the Nobel prize in the year 1927 and E. Rutherford (1871-1937), wrote, `. . . There seems to be no doubt that a study of the change of frequency in liquid and solid media provides valuable information on the natural frequencies associated with the molecules-information which is difficult to obtain by other methods-and will prove of great service in increasing our knowledge. . . We are both of (the) opinion that Raman is a physicist of exceptional ability, who in the difficult conditions in his own country has built up a successful school of research which has already produced work of high quality. He is a man strong both on the theoretical and experimental side and this is well illustrated by many of his papers. We are of the opinion that his work is of the outstanding quality required for this great honor.

J. Stark (1874-1957), who also got the Nobel prize in 1919 for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of the spectral lines in an electric field, pointed out the practical side of the discovery by Raman. He observed, `Answering your invitation I present to you a proposal for the Nobel prize in physics for the year 1930, and to be precise I propose: Professor C. V. Raman in Calcutta for the discovery of the effect of the change in the frequency of light when scattered which was named after him. This discovery means-independent of the transience of theories-a permanent progress in the knowledge of physical reality.’ (J. Stark to the Nobel Committee, Translated from German.)

R. Pfeiffer from Breslau praised not only the discovery of the effect but also the earlier research works of Raman. He stated, `I propose the professor of physics at the University of Calcutta Venkata Raman (Fellow of the Royal Society) for this year’s Nobel prize for physics. Professor Raman has developed a fruitful research work since several decades from which I want to mention only his extensive investigations about the acoustics of Indian musical instruments and those about the diffraction of light in molecules (Tyndall phenomenon). These latter investigations led him to his great discovery namely the establishment of the effect which was named after him (Raman effect); as a result, Raman moved up to the very front of those physicists studying the problems of modern atomic physics. The Raman effect provides inner Eigen frequencies of the molecules that means a property of them due to their inner constitution, that means it (the effect) provides a powerful method for the exploration of molecules. It is of particular interest that the Eigen frequencies determined by this method which are situated in the spectral range of ultra-red frequently cannot be found by the help of spectroscopic methods. Therefore ultra-red research and Raman Effect have a stimulating influence upon one another so that everyday surprises us with fresh evidence. In summary, I have to express my conviction that the Raman Effect is one of the most important and most fruitful discoveries of the last years.’ (R. Pfeiffer to the Nobel Committee, Translated from German.)

The above evidences amply show that experts in the field recognized his work, which qualified him for the Nobel Prize.

Thus, Raman received the Nobel prize `for his work on diffusion of light and for the effect named after him’. The objections raised by some historians that Raman did not share the Nobel prize with others or that the Committee ignored Raman’s collaborators as well as Russian colleagues is not correct; as he was awarded the Prize not only for the Raman effect, but for other work in this field as well. The Nobel Committee had to take the decision according to certain rules and regulations imposed on it by the Nobel Foundation. Raman was nominated 10 times and the nominators wrote convincing recommendations in favor of him; thus the Committee decided for Raman. He received the Nobel prize in record time due the practical significance of the discovery, as well as the good opinion of the famous contemporary scientists about his work.

The article is originally by : Rajinder Singh and Falk Riess and can be found at http://www.iisc.ernet.in/~currsci/nov10/articles33.htm